Re: [Trad April] Traduction de "Intro les 4 derniers paragraphes": appel à relecture

["Marc Chauvet" <marc.chauvet AT gmail.com>]

Bonsoir,

Merci pour cette nouvelle traduction : Je m'attelle à la relecture. En
revanche, te serait-il possible de me redonner l'URL que tu as
traduite ? J'en aurai besoin pour la mise en ligne.

Je croyais que c'était
http://ergoline.april.org/fr/groupes/trad-gnu/intro.html mais
j'obtiens une erreur 404 ... A moins que ce ne soit un effet de bord
de la migration du site web.

Bonne soirée
Marc

2008/9/9 José FOURNIER <jaa.f AT cegetel.net>:
> Bonjour à tous,
>
> voici ma traduction des 4 derniers paragraphes de l'introduction du site
> April.
> Merci à ceux qui voudront bien me relire et me corriger.
> J'ai ajouté le texte en français sur lequel je suggère quelques corrections.
>
> Cordialement
>
> José
>
> What is copyleft ?
>
> The simplest way to make a program free, is to distribute it in the public
> domain, without copyright. This allows people to share the program and its
> improvements if they want. But it also allows indelicate persons to make the
> program a copyrighted program. They may as well introduce changes and
> distribute the result as a copyrighted product. People who then receive the
> program in its transformed form, do not get the liberties granted by the
> original author; the intermediary has removed them.
>
> The objective of the GNU project is to give all users the rights to
> redistribute and to modify GNU software. If retailers could remove these
> liberties, there would be a lot of users, but these users would not have any
> liberty. Therefore, instead of placing GNU Software in the Public Domain,
> the GNU project put it under 'Copyleft'. Copyleft states that anyone who
> transmits a program, with or without modifications, has also to grant the
> liberty to run, copy, modify and distribute it. Copyleft guaranties this
> liberties for every users.
>
> Copyleft has other advantages. People improving free programs often work for
> companies or universities which are ready to do anything to make money. A
> programmer could want to offer his improvements to the community, but his
> employer could get angry and urge him to make his work a commercial product.
>
> When the employer is told that it is illegal to distribute the modified
> version in an other way than as free software, generally, the employer
> prefers to give up rather than discard the program and the work already
> done.
>
> To place a program under Copyleft, one must put it first under Copyright,
> then add provisions to legally secure the right for everybody to run it,
> access its code, modify and transmit it or all the derivative programs,
> provided that the initial distribution conditions are preserved. That way,
> the program code and the liberties attached to it, can not be separated.
>
> The developers of copyrighted programs use copyright in order to reduce the
> user 's liberty; the GNU project uses copyright to ensure that the liberty
> to use, modify and transmit the program will not be removed. It is the
> reason why this principle is called copyleft, in opposition to copyright.
>
> Copyleft is a general term; there are many ways to implement it. The GNU
> project put the specific distribution conditions into the General Public
> License GNU (GNU GPL). A variant, the Library General Public License GNU
> (GNU LGPL), applies to some libraries (but not to all of them). The LGPL
> allows the use of them to link the executable files copyrighted under
> specific conditions.
>
> The appropriate license is included in many manuals and in every GNU source
> code distribution (generally in files called COPYING and COPYING.LIB).
>
> The GNU GPL is designed in order that you can apply it to your program if
> you are the holder of the copyright. You don't need to modify the GNU GPL
> but only have to add some notes at the end of your program which make
> adequate reference to the GNU GPL.
>
> If you want to place you program under copyleft with the GNU GPL, read the
> instruction at the end of the text of the GPL. If you want to place your
> library under copyleft with the GNU LGPL, read the text at the end of the
> LGPL (note that you can also use the GPL for your libraries).
>
> Using the same distribution conditions for several different programs makes
> the copy of code easier between the different programs. If they have the
> same distribution conditions, one hasn't to bother with conditions
> compatibility. The LGPL contains a clause that allows you to change the
> distribution conditions of the ordinary GPL so that you can copy code into
> an other program covered by the GPL.
>
> Free software is more reliable !
>
> The apologists of proprietary software often say, ``free software is a
> beautiful dream, but we all know that only proprietary software can produce
> reliable products. A group of hackers cannot do the same.''
>
> Nonetheless, these thesis doesn't match the empiric evidence, scientific
> tests proved that free software is more reliable than a comparable
> proprietary software.
>
> In 1990 and 1995, Barton P. Miller and his colleagues tested the reliability
> of Unix utility programs. Each time, the GNU utility programs won with a
> comfortable advance. They tested 7 commercial Unix systems, as well as the
> GNU system. When applied a random data input flow, 40% (in the worst case)
> of the basic utility programs crashed (with a core dump) or hung in a
> everlasting loop.
>
> These researchers discovered that the failure rates of the commercial Unix
> systems ranged from 15% to 43% versus a 7% rate for the GNU system.
>
> Miller also said: ``all systems we compared between 1990 and 1995 noticeably
> improved in reliability, but still had signigicant rates of failure. The
> reliability of the basic utilities from GNU and Linux were noticeably better
> than those of the commercial systems)''.
>
> For more details, refer to their document (available at
> ftp://grilled.cs.wisc.edu/technical/_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps');Fuzz
> Revisited: a Re-examination of the Reliability of Unix Utilities and
> services by Barton P. Miller
>
> To sale Free Software
>
> Many people think that the idea of Free Software is to distribute programs
> copies gratis, or at a very low price: just enough to compensate for the
> costs.
>
> In fact, the Free Software Foundation encourages those who distribute free
> software to sale it the price they want or they can. If this surprises you,
> please go on reading.
>
> The English word 'free' has two meanings, it can refer to price as well as
> to Liberty. When we are speaking of free software, we are speaking of
> Liberty, not price. More particularly, it means that users are free to
> utilize a program, to modify it, and to distribute it, with or without
> modifications.
>
> Proprietary software are often sold at a high price but, sometimes, a
> retailer may give you a free copy. This doesn't make it free software.
> Whether it is gratis or paying, the program is not free because users do not
> have any liberty.
>
> As far as the price doesn't matter, while we are speaking of free software,
> a low price doesn't make software more free. So, if you re-distribute copies
> of a free program, you can as well sell it a high price or just cover the
> costs. Re-distribution of software is an honorable and totally lawful
> activity; if you exercises it, you may make money on it.
>
> Free software is the project of a whole community, and all those who depends
> on it should search means to support it. For a distributor, the way to
> contribute is to reverse a part of its profit to the FSF or to an other free
> software development project. By creating development teams, you make free
> software progress.
>
> The distribution of free software is an opportunity to raise funds for
> development. Don't let it pass its way !
>
> Liberty is the point, the only one, the unique one.
>
> Free Software examples
>
> Hereafter are some examples of free foftware
>
> The Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD operating systems.
> The TeX, LaTeX and Lyx environments to edit texts.
> The Gimp (which is regarded as a serious competitor to Photoshop) and Povray
> image treatment environments.
> The GNU Emacs, XEmacs and Vim editors.
> The XFree86 graphical environment.
> The Gcc, G++, Perl, Python, Scheme, Caml, Tcl/Tk and MesaGL development
> environments.
> The MySQL and Postgres data bases.
> All the GNU tools such as Gawk and Gmake.
> The Web Apache,the Inn newsgroups and the Sendmail mail server.
> Samba which allows you to use a Unix machine as a file and printer server
> for clients under Macintosh or Windows, as well as to access the shared data
> of these machines.
>
> --
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>
>