Re: [Trad Gnu] Transcription et sous-titrage de la conférence TEDx Geneva de RMS

[Thérèse Godefroy <godef.th AT free.fr>]

Rebonjour,

Le 29/01/2017 09:28, Thérèse Godefroy a écrit :
> C'est super qu'elle ait des
> sous-titres en anglais (d'ailleurs pas du tout formatés), mais comment
> on fait pour les récupérer ??
> 
> La vidéo non sous-titrée existe aussi sur gnu.org :
> http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/TEDxGE2014_Stallman05_HQ.ogv
> http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/TEDxGE2014_Stallman05_LQ.webm
> 

Pour gagner du temps, je viens de faire les sous-titres en anglais avec
Aegisub (voir pj). Mais il y a plusieurs endroits où un ou 2 mots sont
remplacés par *** parce que je n'ai pas compris. Si personne ne peut
compléter, je demanderai à RMS ce qu'il a voulu dire.

Amicalement,
Thérèse




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Free software is the first battle in the liberation of cyberspace.

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Who controls your computer? Is it you,

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or is it some big company that's really controlling it?

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Well, what is a computer? A computer is a universal machine.

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It will do any computation you wanted to,

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because you give it a program that says what the computation is that you want.

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So the computer only knows how to get out an instruction and do it,

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and get out another instruction and do it.

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The program has the instructions;

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it says what to do. So you, by writing the right program

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you can make it do anything... Well, almost anything.

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Who gives the instructions to your computer?

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You might think it's obeying your instructions

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when really it's obeying somebody else first,

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and you, only as much as that company wants it to,

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will let it listen to you.

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With software, there are two possibilities:

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either the users control the program,

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or the program controls the users.

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It's inevitably one or the other.

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So, in order for the users to control the program,

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they need the four essential freedoms,

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and that's the definition of free software.

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Free software respects the users' freedom and community.

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We often call it “libre”, using the French or Spanish word.

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Pronounce it as you like. The point is

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that's what we mean. We don't mean it's gratis.

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We're not talking about price. We are concerned with your freedom,

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and we sometimes say free/libre to show that.

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Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish, for whatever purpose.

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Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code of the program,

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and change it so it does the computing you wanted to do.

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But what is the source code? Every program typically will have two forms.

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There is the form that you can read, and you can understand if you know the 
programming language.

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That's the source; that's what programmers write and change.

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And there's the executable, which is a bunch of numbers which even a 
programmer can't figure out.

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If all you get is the executable, it's a horrible pain in the neck

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to figure out what it does, and even harder to change it.

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To give you the real possibility to study and change it.

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they've got to give you the source code. That's a requirement.

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Well, with those two freedoms, each user separately

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can make a copy and start changing it, and make it do what she wants.

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That's individual control. But what if you're not a programmer?

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You look at the source code, and you don't understand it.

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Individual control isn't enough.

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We also need collective control, which means

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any group of users are free to work together

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to adapt the program to what they want.

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Of course, in the group some of them are programmers.

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They are the ones who actually write the changes.

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But they are doing it as part of the group, for what the group wants.

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Of course, the group doesn't have to be everybody,

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Others can use it some other way.

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They are all free to do that.

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Collective control requires two more essential freedoms.

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Freedom 2 is the freedom to redistribute exact copies,

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to make the copies, and then give them away or sell them

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when you wish. And freedom 3 is similar, but it's for your modified versions.

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You're free to make copies, and then give them or sell them when you wish.

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If you do have these freedoms,

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then it's free software; the users control the program.

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But if any of these freedoms is missing,

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then the users don't control the program.

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Instead, the program controls the users,

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and the developer controls the program.

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So that means this program is an instrument of unjust power

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for its developer over the users.

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That means the users don't have freedom.

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That's non-free proprietary software which we've got to get rid of.

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Well, when you've got proprietary software, what happens?

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Sometimes, the program snoops on the user.

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Sometimes it tracks the user.

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Sometimes it restricts the user,

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it stops users from doing what they want to do.

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You can see that the blue ray is your enemy.

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Sometimes, the software remotely deletes books

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as Amazon did with “1984”.

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Sometimes, the developer

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compels users to install a harmful upgrade

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by threatening to take away other functionality

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if it's not installed, as Sony did.

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And sometimes they can even forcibly change the software

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at a distance, as Microsoft can with Windows,

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through a universal back door.

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Sometimes they even sabotize users,

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as Microsoft does when it tells the NSA

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about bugs in Windows,

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so it can use them to attack people's computers.

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Well, what you get is basically: with proprietary software

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the owner has power over the users,

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and takes advantage of this power

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putting in those various malicious functionalities

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to hurt the users.

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Of course they don't do this because they are sadists.

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They're doing it just for money, for greed.

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They have various ways that they can profit

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from having this power over users,

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which does not make it even the tiniest bit less evil.

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But they have no shame about it.

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They have conferences where they talk about

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the latest ways they can take advantage of users

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through the power they have.

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Basically, proprietary software, which is now

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— almost all the users of proprietary software, they are using —

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proprietary malware, it's software for suckers.

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So, how do you stop being a victim?

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Formerly, you had to stop using computers, but not anymore.

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Now you can come join us in the free world that we've built.

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In 1983,

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I announced I would develop a completely free software operating system.

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called GNU. In 1992,

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we had it almost finished, but one piece was missing,

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the kernel. Linus Torvalds in that year

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freed his kernel Linux, which filled the last gap, and gave us

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the first complete system you could run on a PC, GNU + Linux.

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Unfortunately,

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having freedom in one more point doesn't guarantee you'll keep it.

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There are over a thousand different variants of GNU/Linux; they are called 
distributions.

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A few of them are entirely free software.

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Most of them have non-free software added,

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because they are maintained by people who aren't concerned about freedom.

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They'd rather add convenience at the cost of freedom.

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So, you have to check which is a free distro.

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To keep your freedom sometimes requires a sacrifice,

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sometimes a big sacrifice, as at Lexington.

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Sometimes, but *** campaign they tend to be little sacrifices.

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Anybody with a little bit of maturity can make these sacrifices.

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For instance, you want applications

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but some of them are non-free.

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If you want freedom, you've got to do without them.

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So there may be some inconveniences throughout to suffer,

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for your freedom's sake.

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Then many websites send non-free programs written in JavaScript

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to the user's browser.

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If you don't want to run non-free programs,

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you should install LibreJS

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which blocks, keeps out non-free JavaScript.

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And sometimes, servers will offer to do your computing.

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They say: “Send us all your data” — obviously for suckers.

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Then the server does the computing and sends you back the results.

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But you're not supposed to think about what's happening,

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because it's a cloud, and you don't see what's going on.

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Well, you should look. It's “service as a software substitute”,

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and it takes away control of your computing.

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So,

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a large fraction of the world's web servers

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are running GNU/Linux and other free software,

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but I think the most important computers to put freedom in

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are your computers, not companies' web servers.

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They deserve freedom also, but above all it's people that deserve freedom.

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So, we need to advance, and to do that

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we have to cross obstacles.

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One of them is, there are big companies

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that make a lot of money by having control over users,

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and they don't want to let us advance.

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We have to overcome their opposition.

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Another is that mainstream media don't talk about free software.

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They have a term that they use to bury these ethical issues.

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They say “open source” instead.

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Now, it talks about more or less the same programs,

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but with different ideas. Where free software activists say:

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“This is a matter of right and wrong.

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Users deserve freedom, we demand freedom,”

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the people who say “open source”, they don't want to say that.

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So, instead, they say: ”Let the users change the software and redistribute it,

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and they'll make the code better. They'll fix some bugs.”

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It may be true, but it's a less important issue.

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If we want to keep our freedom, we've got to talk about freedom.

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So, say “free software”, and you're helping us every time.

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Another obstacle is that lots of schools teach non-free software,

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which is basically like teaching the kids to smoke tobacco.

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Its implanting dependence, which is the opposite of what schools should do.

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A school should prepare citizens to live in a

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strong, capable, independent, cooperating, and free society,

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which means teaching free software in a school.

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But there is another reason to do that for education.

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Some kids want to become programmers, they are curious.

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They want to know how the program works.

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Well, the one who is studying free software can understand it;

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The one who's studying a non-free program can't learn anything,

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because the knowledge in the non-free program is withheld,

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denied to the students.

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So, to uphold the spirit of education

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the school should make sure its programs are free.

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But there is an even more important reason.

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Schools should teach the spirit of goodwill,

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the habit of helping other people.

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So the class should say:

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“If you bring a program to class, just as if you bring cookies to class,

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you've got to share with everyone else.

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Can't keep it to yourself. You've got to share the source code

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so other people can learn.

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So, don't bring any proprietary software to this class.”

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The school has to set a good example by following its own rule;

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it should bring only free software to class, except

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as a reverse engineering exercise.

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Another obstacle is there is hardware

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we don't know how to write free software for

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because they won't tell us how to use the hardware.

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That's shocking. They want to sell you the product

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and they won't tell you how to use it. They say:

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“Here is a non-free program you can use.

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Run it, and shut up. Don't bother us.”

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Well, how do we find out how to run that hardware with reverse engineering?

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You've got to study all those zeros and ones

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to figure out what they really do,

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and write down how to use that hardware,

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so someone else can write the free program to do it.

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It's hard work, but it can be done.

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If you want to make a big technical contribution, that's what you should do.

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Each new area, activity of life

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can bring with it new human rights that are necessary.

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And the human rights depend on each other.

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If you lose one, it becomes harder to maintain the others.

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Nowadays, computing is so important in society

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that the freedoms of free software

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are among the human rights

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that society must establish and protect.

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Thus... How to help? Well, you can write free software.

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You can organize groups to campaign

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and push ***, schools and governments to move to free software.

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You can help other people when they have trouble using free software,

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or help them install it.

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You can say “free software”, and spread the philosophical ideas.

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Moving to free software is the first step

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in the liberation of cyberspace.

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But of course we also use the Internet.

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We need other freedoms there, like network neutrality,

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and putting an end to surveillance of people in general.